Abstract The quantitative antioxidant activity of foods is expressed as the equivalent weight of the authentic standard compounds with antioxidant function. Even in the same food sample, antioxidant activity is defined differently depending on the standard antioxidant compounds, making it difficult to compare them. Antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH radical and ABTS radical scavenging assay using Trolox, ascorbic acid, catechin, and gallic acid as standard antioxidant compounds. The relationship between the antioxidant activity and the standard was used to convert the antioxidant activity expressed as the equivalent of a specific antioxidant standard to the equivalent of another antioxidant standard. To verify the converted antioxidant activity, the antioxidant activity of apples was analyzed with several antioxidant standards and compared with the antioxidant activity converted with other standard compounds. As a result of comparing the antioxidant activity measured using various antioxidant standards and the converted antioxidant activity of apples, it was confirmed that there was no difference. The results of this study show that antioxidant activity expressed as a specific antioxidant standard compound can be accurately converted into the equivalent of another standard antioxidant compound. function sample them Trolox catechin difference

Abstract Korean traditional grain syrup (Jocheong) is prepared by removing moisture from saccharified-starch suspensions. The addition of ginger (0-6.4%) to grain syrup did not change the solid content (moisture content) or sugar content. The grain syrup resulted in increased Mn, P, Zn, Na, Mg, Ca, and P contents upon addition of ginger. The ginger-added grain syrup had increased total phenolic content and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical-scavenging activities, compared with normal grain syrup. Staphylococcus aureus exhibited slight growth inhibition in medium containing ginger-supplemented grain syrup and the fungi did not grow at all on ginger (3.2%)-added grain syrup during 6 days of incubation. The addition of ginger may contribute to improving the nutritional quality of grain syrups, enhancing health functions and extending the storage period.

Abstract Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.), Hallabong [(C. unshiu Marc. × C. sinensis Osb.)×(C. reticulata Blanco)], Cheonhyehyang [((C. unshiu×C. sinensis)×C. reticulata)×(C. reticulate×C. sinensis)], and Redhyang (citrus hybrid 'Kanpei), which are citrus hybrids, are mostly consumed in Korea. The flavor of citrus peel depends on the composition and content of volatile essential oils. Limonene, γ-terpinene, β-myrcene, linalool, ocimene, octanal, and sabinene were found to be the main components in Satsuma mandarin, Hallabong, Cheonhyehyang, Redhyang, and orange (C. sinensis Osb.) peel essential oils. Limonene was the main component (82.05–91.84%) of all citrus peel essential oils. γ-Terpinene was present in a particularly high content (8.09%) in the essential oil of Satsuma mandarin peel. Linalool was found in the highest proportion (4.39%) in the essential oil of Cheonhyehyang peels. β-Ocymene had the highest concentration (6.50%) in Redhyang peel essential oil. Citrus peel essential oils showed slight antibacterial activity against Salmonella choleraesuis (S. choleraesuis), Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). Cheonhyehyang peel essential oil showed the highest antibacterial activity against all foodborne pathogens. Additionally, B. cereus was the most sensitive, and S. aureus was the most resistant to the Cheonhyehyang peel essential oil.

Abstract The aim of this study was to provide a scientific basis for anti-arthritic and anticancer activities by inhibiting cellular adhesion molecule (CAM) expression by ingestion of Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem (A. elata), which is used in traditional medicine in East Asia. A. elata extract inhibited the adhesion between monocytic THP-1 and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) monolayers, respectively, compared to the TNF-α-treated group. The methanol extract of A. elata potently suppressed TNF-α-stimulated expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin. Additionally, the methanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform extracts of A. elata exhibited significant cytotoxicity against stomach cancer, melanoma, and ovarian cancer cells; however, the butanol and aqueous extracts of A. elata were cytotoxic only against stomach cancer cells. A. elata is anticipated to inhibit atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer progression by suppressing the expression of CAMs in HUVECs